Ayurveda: A comprehensive study of history, it’s present and future

Ayurveda as the knowledge of life needs no introduction as it has been a part of Indian lifestyle for thousands of years. Indians have lived so closely knowing the value of medicinal plants that majority of folks prefer traditional household treatments for minor ailments, which are closely related to Ayurveda. Whether it is the consumption of ginger teas to sooth aching throat or turmeric milk to relieve inflammation in the body, people often prefer Ayurvedic remedies to avoid any side effects or adverse reactions. Despite its roots going back over 5,000 years, Ayurveda has proven to be relevant today. With the increasing global interest in holistic health, natural remedies, and preventive care, Ayurveda has become a trusted alternative to conventional medicine.

Let’s understand the basic governing principles of Ayurveda

According to Ayurveda, individual human body is governed by physiological characters named as Vata, Pitta and Kapha. Each individual is a unique combination of these Doshas, where each Dosha is characterized basic elements found in the Universe. These doshas regulate various functions in the body. Understanding Ayurveda is understanding who we are based on our diet, our lifestyle, schedule, emotional well-being, mental health, physical health, spiritual health, environment, relationships, past and present illnesses. It is a holistic measure of our overall life. It is the method of breaking complex phenomena into their component parts and dealing with each in isolation. Below are the key concepts that form the foundation of Ayurvedic philosophy:

1. The Five Elements (Pancha Mahabhutas)

Ayurveda believes that everything in the universe, including the human body, is composed of five basic elements:

• Earth (Prithvi) – Represents solidity and structure.

• Water (Jala) – Represents fluidity and cohesion.

• Fire (Agni) – Represents transformation, heat, and metabolism.

• Air (Vayu) – Represents movement and activity.

• Ether/Space (Akasha) – Represents expansiveness and space.

2. The Three Doshas (Vata, Pitta, Kapha)

Ayurveda describes three fundamental energies, or doshas, that govern the body’s physiological processes. Each person has a unique combination of these doshas, which determines their constitution (Prakriti):

• Vata Dosha: Composed of air and ether, Vata governs movement, communication, and bodily functions like breathing and circulation. When balanced, Vata promotes creativity and energy. When imbalanced, it can cause anxiety, dry skin, and digestive issues..

• Pitta Dosha: Made up of fire and water, Pitta governs metabolism, digestion, and transformation. A balanced Pitta results in good digestion and sharp intellect. When imbalanced, it may lead to anger, inflammation, and indigestion.

• Kapha Dosha: Formed from earth and water, Kapha controls structure, lubrication, and growth. Balanced Kapha provides strength, stability, and endurance. Imbalance can lead to weight gain, lethargy, and respiratory issues.

Ayurvedic treatment aims to balance these doshas to maintain health.

3. Prakriti (Individual Constitution)

According to Ayurveda, each person is born with a unique constitution, called Prakriti, which is determined by the predominance of certain doshas. Understanding one’s Prakriti helps in creating a personalized approach to diet, lifestyle, and treatment. A balance of the doshas in accordance with one’s Prakriti leads to good health, while an imbalance can lead to disease.

4. Agni (Digestive Fire)

Agni refers to the digestive fire that is responsible for breaking down food, absorbing nutrients, and eliminating waste. Ayurveda believes that strong and balanced Agni is essential for overall health. Poor Agni, or digestive fire, can lead to the accumulation of toxins (Ama) in the body, which is the root cause of many diseases. Ayurvedic treatments aim to strengthen and balance Agni to support digestion and overall well-being.

5. The Dhatus (Body Tissues)

The body is composed of seven essential tissues, known as dhatus, which play a role in maintaining the body's structure and function:

• Rasa: Plasma or nutrient fluid
• Rakta: Blood
• Mamsa: Muscle tissue
• Meda: Fat tissue
• Asthi: Bone tissue
• Majja: Bone marrow and nervous system
• Shukra/Artava: Reproductive tissue

A balance of these dhatus is essential for good health, while imbalances can lead to disease.

6. Ojas (Vital Energy)

Ojas is considered the essence of all body tissues and is responsible for overall vitality, immunity, and strength. It is the result of proper digestion, metabolism, and balance in the body. When Ojas is strong, the body is healthy, energetic, and resistant to disease. When Ojas is depleted, the body becomes weak and more prone to illness.

7. Ama (Toxins)

Ama refers to undigested food or toxins that accumulate in the body due to improper digestion. Ama is considered the root cause of many diseases in Ayurveda. It clogs bodily channels and disrupts the balance of the doshas. Ayurvedic treatments focus on detoxification to eliminate Ama and restore health.

8. Dinacharya (Daily Routine)

Ayurveda emphasizes the importance of following a balanced daily routine, known as Dinacharya. It involves waking up early, practicing self-care rituals, eating at regular intervals, exercising, and engaging in mental and spiritual practices like meditation. Dinacharya helps maintain the balance of the doshas and promotes overall well-being.

9. Ritucharya (Seasonal Routine)

In addition to daily routines, Ayurveda advises adapting one’s lifestyle and diet according to the seasons, called Ritucharya. Since the doshas fluctuate with seasonal changes, modifying your habits helps maintain balance and prevent seasonal imbalances, such as colds during winter or overheating during summer.

10. Swastha (Health)

In Ayurveda, health (Swastha) is defined as a state of balance between the doshas, Agni, dhatus, and Ojas, where the body, mind, and soul function in harmony. Achieving this balance not only prevents disease but also promotes long life and mental clarity. Consequently, Ayurveda does not prescribe one solution set in stone for one ailment. Even if two people have the same health issue, they will not be prescribed the same treatment because the governing principles in their bodies will be different. Therefore, the approach, therapies and ingredients will be different in every case. In short, Ayurveda is personalized and customizable as per your requirements.

How did we receive Ayurvedic Knowledge?

The Ayurvedic texts are written in ancient Sanskrit, the language of knowledge in ancient India. The texts available today were propagated through centuries by word of mouth or the guru-shishya parampara. The teachings were then written in the form of sutras for easy propagation and memorisations. Unfortunately, the tradition suffered a set back owing to several interpretations of the ancient form of Sanskrit, additions and commentaries over a period of time and later on with the advent of western medicinal science. The period of colonization effectively stopped the development of Ayurvedic system of knowledge.

However, Ayurveda continues to be a traditional practice amongst Indians since Vedic times. Its first mention can be seen in Atharvaveda, wherein references to diseases and remedies are present. In the later age of rishis and munis, Ayurveda came to written in a number of treatises. Sushruta and Agnivesha further polished and developed these schools extensively. Agnivesha Samhita became well accepted as the back bone of Ayurvedic Samhita (compendia). Sushruta Samhita received critical acclaim, which is based on the teachings of Divdasa Dhanvantari and Nimi. Several of his views on diseases and treatments remain unaltered even today.

Ginger helps to speed up digestion and can relieve bloating and discomfort. It also stimulates the production of digestive enzymes, making it easier for your body to break down food.

Ayurveda grew further immensely with the establishment of Universities and Medical departments. Charaka and Sushruta, the most widely accepted standard references, rely principally on herbal medicines. The works gained so much popularity that they were even translated into Arabic, Tibetan, and from there reached to other cultures and languages. The efforts of propagating Ayurvedic knowledge continued albeit difficulties. For instance, when west was experiencing renaissance, Madhava described preparation of mineral aids for therapeutic use in Rasapradipa. In 1800s, Govindadasa included therapies for diseases of kidney and brain in Bhaishajaratnavali. Even in twentieth century, Ayurveda continued to expand its scope in the form of texts like Indian Materia Medica or Indigenous Drugs of India. Although, during the foreign rule, decline in Sanskrit usage, lack of printing method, expansion of western medicine and objective way of teaching and practicing Ayurveda led to its decline. Even then, Ayurveda continued to enjoy popularity in the households as the “traditional medicine” or the “folk medicine”. A major reason behind this popularity was the costliness of western medicine and lack of its reach in the rural areas. On the contrary, traditional medicine was readily available and worked effectively for the majority of the population.

Ayurveda in the Modern World

In recent years, people around the world have been seeking natural ways to stay healthy, leading them to explore Ayurveda. Its focus on balancing the body, mind, and spirit appeals to those looking for long-term health solutions without the side effects associated with many modern drugs. This resurgence is not limited to India; countries like the USA, the UK, and Australia are embracing Ayurvedic practices. Ayurvedic clinics, spas, and wellness centers are popping up in cities worldwide, offering treatments like Panchakarma (a detox therapy) and massages with herbal oils. A major reason behind this resurgence is the over-dependency on artificial drugs, which apart from healing the body causes several side effects alongside the treatment. These artificial chemicals also harm the body in the long-run and also giving rise to drug resistant diseases. Another reason for Ayurveda’s growing acceptance is its scientific backing. Modern research is validating many of Ayurveda's age-old practices. Studies have shown that Ayurvedic herbs like turmeric, ashwagandha, harad, and triphala have powerful anti-inflammatory, immune-boosting, and digestive benefits. Ayurvedic concepts like dinacharya (daily routine) and ritucharya (seasonal regimen) are being recognized for promoting healthier lifestyles. Additionally, Ayurveda’s focus on prevention rather than just treatment aligns well with today’s emphasis on wellness. Practices like yoga, meditation, and proper diet, which are key to Ayurveda, are increasingly being recommended by modern healthcare providers as complementary treatments.

Ayurveda in Modern Healthcare:

Today, Ayurveda has evolved beyond its roots in traditional healing to become a respected part of modern healthcare systems. Its holistic approach to treating the mind, body, and spirit resonates with the growing global interest in integrative medicine. By focusing on preventive care and natural remedies, Ayurveda is increasingly being seen as a valuable complement to conventional medical treatments. In India, Ayurveda holds a unique and prominent place in the national healthcare system. It is recognized as one of the official systems of medicine under the Ministry of AYUSH (Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha, and Homeopathy). Thousands of licensed Ayurvedic practitioners work alongside allopathic (modern medicine) doctors in hospitals and clinics across the country, providing patients with more comprehensive care options. In fact, India boasts over 250 Ayurvedic colleges, which offer degrees like Bachelor of Ayurvedic Medicine and Surgery (BAMS). Graduates are trained not only in traditional Ayurvedic practices but also in modern medical science, allowing them to bridge the gap between ancient wisdom and contemporary healthcare. This formalized structure has elevated the credibility of Ayurveda, making it accessible to millions as a valid medical option. Ayurvedic treatments are especially prevalent in rural areas of India, where access to modern healthcare might be limited. Here, traditional practices play a crucial role in managing chronic conditions like arthritis, asthma, and digestive issues. Government initiatives have also promoted Ayurvedic wellness centers and dispensaries in urban areas, making it more accessible to the growing middle class that seeks natural and preventive care.

Ayurveda as Complementary Medicine in the West

In countries like the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia, Ayurveda is regarded as a form of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). While it is not part of the mainstream healthcare system as it is in India, Ayurveda is increasingly used alongside modern treatments, particularly for managing chronic conditions. Patients suffering from ailments like diabetes, arthritis, hypertension, and digestive disorders often turn to Ayurvedic therapies to complement their conventional treatments. For example, Ayurvedic herbs like ashwagandha (known for reducing stress and improving energy levels) and turmeric (with its potent anti-inflammatory properties) are gaining recognition in the West for their therapeutic potential. Patients who use Ayurvedic treatments for chronic conditions often report improvements in their overall well-being, attributing it to Ayurveda’s focus on treating the root cause rather than just symptoms. In some parts of the world, there is a growing trend of integrating Ayurveda into hospital settings. Ayurvedic therapies are offered in integrative health clinics, wellness retreats, and even mainstream hospitals. Treatments like Panchakarma (a detoxification and rejuvenation therapy) and Ayurvedic massages are popular, particularly in wellness tourism destinations. This has led to the establishment of Ayurvedic wellness resorts and retreats that cater to a global clientele seeking natural ways to heal and detoxify. Some modern hospitals are also incorporating Ayurvedic dietary recommendations and herbal supplements as part of their post-surgical and rehabilitation programs. These are aimed at improving patients' recovery and promoting long-term health. For instance, Ayurvedic nutritionists work with cancer survivors in some hospitals to create customized diet plans that support immune health and reduce inflammation. One of the most significant steps toward Ayurveda's integration into modern healthcare is the increasing number of clinical trials aimed at validating Ayurvedic remedies. Many of Ayurveda's natural formulations are now being tested for their efficacy and safety in modern laboratories. Herbs like Brahmi, Tulsi, and Triphala are undergoing rigorous research to explore their potential in treating various diseases, from cognitive decline to digestive disorders.

Challenges Ahead

Even though the way ahead for Ayurveda is optimistic, it complete integration with western medicine is full of challenges. Fundamental nature of Ayurveda prevents standardization of medicinal practices because these differ with every individual. Whereas, following standard medical practices is more or less the conventional way of proceeding in western medicine. Also, Ayurveda is a lot more subjective in nature, i.e., the treatment is dependent on the patient rather than the working of the medicine. This has raised concerns about the purity and safety of some Ayurvedic products in the global market. Additionally, the complexity of Ayurvedic diagnosis and treatment can make it difficult to integrate into the fast-paced, symptom-focused approach of modern healthcare. Ayurvedic treatments are personalized, taking into account an individual's body type (dosha) and lifestyle, which requires time and detailed consultation—something not always feasible in today’s healthcare system. Even then, Ayurveda’s emphasis on balance, natural remedies, and holistic well-being makes it highly relevant. With growing research, increased clinical trials, and more structured integration into modern health systems, Ayurveda has the potential to become a mainstream component of global health care, offering solutions that are natural, effective, and time-tested. The synergy between modern medicine and Ayurveda has the potential to revolutionize healthcare by providing patients with the best of both worlds—natural preventive care alongside advanced medical treatment. As this integration deepens, Ayurveda's ancient wisdom may continue to inform and shape the future of healthcare globally.

Conclusion

In the modern world, Ayurveda has transformed from an ancient practice into a globally recognized system of health. While it faces challenges in standardization and integration with modern medicine, its emphasis on balance, prevention, and natural healing aligns perfectly with contemporary health trends. The increasing awareness about the importance of mental health, immunity, and preventive healthcare creates a space for Ayurveda to thrive. As more people turn to holistic approaches to maintain health and well-being, Ayurveda will continue to play a significant role. As science continues to explore and validate its principles, Ayurveda’s place in the modern healthcare landscape will only grow stronger. With advancements in research, Ayurveda is likely to gain even more credibility in the global medical community. Efforts to Ayurvedic practices and products are already underway, which will help address safety concerns and increase its acceptance worldwide. Increase in number of clinical trials will also help in merging modern scientific advancements while ensuring that natural medicines are administered properly. This will also prevent the household abuse of Ayurvedic medicine, as people often resort to half-baked knowledge of medicinal potency of plants while administering “Desi cure”. Ayurveda, with its timeless wisdom, offers a bridge between the past and future of medicine, focusing on treating the person, not just the disease—a message the world is ready to embrace.